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Detailed analysis of X chromosome inactivation in a 49,XXXXX pentasomy

Molecular Cytogeneticsvolume 2, Article number: 20 (2009) | Download Citation

Abstract

Background

Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) has been associated with a severe clinical condition, presumably resulting from failure or disruption of X chromosome inactivation. Here we report that some human X chromosomes from a patient with 49,XXXXX pentasomy were functionally active following isolation in inter-specific (human-rodent) cell hybrids. A comparison with cytogenetic and molecular findings provided evidence that more than one active X chromosome was likely to be present in the cells of this patient, accounting for her abnormal phenotype.

Results

5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-pulsed cultures showed different patterns among late replicating X chromosomes suggesting that their replication was asynchronic and likely to result in irregular inactivation. Genotyping of the proband and her mother identified four maternal and one paternal X chromosomes in the proband. It also identified the paternal X chromosome haplotype (P), indicating that origin of this X pentasomy resulted from two maternal, meiotic non-disjunctions. Analysis of the HUMANDREC region of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in the patient's mother showed a skewed inactivation pattern, while a similar analysis in the proband showed an active paternal X chromosome and preferentially inactivated X chromosomes carrying the 173 AR allele. Analyses of 33 cell hybrid cell lines selected in medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT) allowed for the identification of three maternal X haplotypes (M1, M2 and MR) and showed that X chromosomes with the M1, M2 and P haplotypes were functionally active. In 27 cell hybrids in which more than one X haplotype were detected, analysis of X inactivation patterns provided evidence of preferential inactivation.

Conclusion

Our findings indicated that 12% of X chromosomes with the M1 haplotype, 43.5% of X chromosomes with the M2 haplotype, and 100% of the paternal X chromosome (with the P haplotype) were likely to be functionally active in the proband's cells, a finding indicating that disruption of X inactivation was associated to her severe phenotype.

Background

Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) is a rare chromosome abnormality, first described in a 2-year-old girl [1], with less than 30 cases reported in the literature [2–30] and only one in a patient of 15 years of age [25]. The characteristic phenotype associated with a 49,XXXXX karyotype is more severe than in X trisomies and tetrasomies [25, 31], including severe mental retardation with delayed speech development, short stature, coarse facial features, osseous and articular abnormalities, congenital heart defects and skeletal and limb abnormalities. The actual incidence of pentasomy X is unknown but may be comparable to 49,XXXXY, occurring in 1/85,000 males [31].

In normal, 46,XX females, X chromosome inactivation is usually random [32], consequently to which every X chromosome may be inactivated in a given cell during early development; once inactivated, this state is stably maintained and transmitted to all clonal descendants [33, 34]. Lyon's hypothesis [32] postulated that in patients with X chromosome polysomies, X chromosome inactivation was expected to be random and only one X chromosome would remain functionally active. However, in patients with a 49,XXXXY chromosome constitution, the late replicating X chromosomes showed different patterns of replication, suggesting that X inactivation was likely to be less efficient than in 46,XX females, and accounting for the presence of more than one active X chromosome in some cells [35, 36]. Furthermore, analysis of histone H4 acetylation in a group of patients with 49,XXXXX, 49,XXXXY, 48,XXXY and 47,XXX karyotypes showed alterations in deacetylation of histone H4 once the inactive state was established [37]. These alterations might have affected the outcome in determining the number and the choice of which X chromosomes were deacetylated, probably due to the presence of more than one X chromosome undergoing inactivation. These results suggested that supernumerary X chromosomes might be associated to abnormal phenotypes due to excess of X active regions or to increased asynchronism of X chromosome replication, mainly in patients with four or five X chromosomes.

In this paper, we analyzed the origin of an X chromosome pentasomy in a patient (Figure 1) with a 49,XXXXX karyotype and the inactivation status of her X chromosomes. This was carried out by analysing chromosome replication in Budr-pulsed cultures, the methylation status of the HUMANDREC region in the patient, her mother, and in X chromosomes present in cell hybrids previously selected in HAT (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine) medium.

Figure 1
figure1

Frontal (A) and side (B) view of patient's face. Note flat profile, ocular hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, flat nasal bridge, low-set ears, retrognathism and micrognathia. (C) Hand arachnodactily with difficulty on supination of right arm. (D) X ray of patient's arms showing radioulnar synostosis in right arm.

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Results

Cytogenetic analysis, X chromosome replication and parental origin of X chromosomes

The proband showed a 49,XXXXX karyotype in all cells without evidence of mosaicism (Figure 2). 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-pulsed cultures showed clear patterns of asynchronic replication of the proband's X chromosomes (Figure 3); in all cells one early replicating X chromosome was identified, together with four late replicating X chromosomes showing different replication patterns. Replication patterns were classified as "early replicating" (e), "late replicating" (l) and "very late replicating" (vl) according to Sarto [35]. The observed proportion of cells showing different number of X replication patterns accounted for 31% with 1e/2l/2vl, 23% with 1e/3l/1vl, 17% with 1e/1l/3vl, and 29% with 1e/4vl.

Figure 2
figure2

G-band karyotype of the patient showing 49,XXXXX.

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Figure 3
figure3

Metaphase of BrdU-pulsed culture. Arrows point to X chromosomes showing different replication patterns: e = early; l = late; vl = very late.

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Molecular analysis of five X-linked polymorphic loci in the proband and her mother (Table 1) allowed for the unequivocal identification of the parental origin of the X chromosomes in the proband who carried four maternal X chromosomes and one paternal X chromosome; this last one with a 173-108-199-206-141 (P) haplotype.

Table 1 Molecular analysis of five X-linked polymorphic loci
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Preferential inactivation of X chromosomes

The methylation status of X chromosomes, assayed in the HUMANDREC region of the human androgen receptor gene (AR), showed a skewed pattern of inactivation in the proband's mother because one AR allelic fragment of 173 bp was preferentially amplified with respect to the other of 179 bp (Figure 4). Similar analysis in the proband showed that two maternal AR alleles were amplified (173 and 179); the 173 allele showing a preferential amplification with respect to allele 179, and lack of amplification of the paternal 199 allele (Figure 5). These results indicated (i) a preferential inactivation of maternal X chromosomes containing the 173 allele in the proband; (ii) the possibility that her maternal chromosomes with the 179 allele might be incompletely inactivated, and (iii) an active paternal X chromosome.

Figure 4
figure4

HUMANDREC amplification of patient's mother DNA showing alleles 173 and 179 (top). Amplification following digestion with methylation-sensitive endonucleases HhaI and HpaII (bottom) indicates preferential inactivation of the mother's X chromosome carrying the 173 allele.

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Figure 5
figure5

HUMANDREC amplification of patient's DNA showing alleles 173, 179 and 199 (top). Amplification following digestion with methylation-sensitive endonucleases HhaI and HpaII (bottom) indicates preferential inactivation of X chromosomes carrying the 173 allele and lack of amplification of the 199 paternal allele.

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Inactivation of X chromosomes present in somatic cell hybrids

The segregation of the proband's X chromosomes in a panel of 51 HPRT1+ cell hybrid lines was informative for analysing the functional status of each individual X chromosome. Cell hybrids cloned in the same Petri dish were included only when they showed different molecular patterns; this was considered evidence that clones were different from one another. Conversely, when cell hybrids cloned in the same Petri dish showed an identical molecular pattern only one of them was included because we could not prove that they were different from one another. Table 2 lists the molecular patterns of 33 cell hybrid lines. Human-specific amplification patterns were not observed with rodent DNA with any primer herein tested under similar PCR conditions.

Table 2 Molecular patterns of 33 cell hybrid lines and X chromosome haplotypes
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Table 3 X chromosome inactivation in cell hybrids with more than one X haplotype
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Analysis of cell hybrids allowed for the identification of three maternal haplotypes: M1, with 185-112-173-202-135 (in cell hybrids 1PXKB2, 1PXKB5, 1PXKF4, 1PXKH4, 1PXKI3, 1PXKL1, 1PXKN2); M2, with 163-104-179-204-139 (in cell hybrids 1PXKG4, 1PXKH2, 1PXKJ6, 1PXKM1 and 1PXKR1), and MR, with 185-112-179-204-139 (in cell hybrid 1PXKQ3). MR was a recombinant maternal haplotype, derived from a crossover between DXS1068 and AR. The finding of cell hybrid lines with single M1, M2 or P haplotypes, indicated that the HPRT1 locus of donor origin was functionally active in different X chromosomes of the proband.

To discriminate whether survival in HAT medium was associated to presence of one (or more) active X chromosome(s) in cell hybrids showing any combination of two or three haplotypes, DNA from cell hybrids was first digested with methylation-sensitive enzymes and subsequently amplified with AR-C primers (see Table 3).

These results showed that in nine cell hybrids with M1-M2 haplotypes, the 173 allele was exclusively amplified in seven cell lines. In one cell hybrid line (1PXKA1), both maternal AR alleles (173 and 179) were amplified, showing similar peaks and suggesting random inactivation, while in another cell hybrid line (1PXKP3), the 179 allele was exclusively amplified. In all five cell hybrids with the M1-P haplotypes, the 173 maternal allele was exclusively amplified, as was the 179 maternal allele in the two M2-P cell hybrid lines. Similarly, the 179 maternal allele was exclusively amplified in 1PXKQ3, a cell hybrid with a recombinant maternal haplotype (MR) and a paternal (P) haplotype. In ten other cell hybrid lines with the M1-M2-P haplotypes, the observed pattern of amplification was similar to the one observed in the proband's lymphocytes, showing a large peak corresponding to allele 173, a smaller peak corresponding to allele 179, and lack of amplification of the 199 paternal allele.

Number of X chromosomes in selected cell hybrids

A comparison with FISH data showed that the number of human X chromosomes retained in cell hybrids and the number of X haplotypes were very frequently coincident in a sample of eight cell hybrid lines in which all possible haplotype combinations were observed Table 3; Figure 6). This correspondence was also found in cell hybrid 1PXKJ6, in which a single haplotype and a single human X chromosome were observed.

Figure 6
figure6

A-B: Chromosome painting of a metaphase of the patient showing presence of five X chromosomes. C-D: Chromosome painting of a metaphase of cell hybrid 1PXKH2 showing two human X chromosomes. E-F: Chromosome painting of a metaphase of cell hybrid 1PXKA1 showing two human X chromosomes.

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Analysis of a region of the XIST promoter

Sequence analysis of the minimal region of the XIST promoter did not show C(- 43)A or C(- 43)G in the proband and her mother, ruling out that alterations at this site might be responsible for skewed X inactivation. Moreover, mutational screening of the proband's X chromosomes in 10 cell hybrids confirmed that these mutations were not present in her chromosomes. This was especially evident in three of these cell hybrids (1PXKB5, 1PXKE3 and 1PXKG4), each which with a single X haplotype (M1, P and M2 respectively).

Discussion

Here we report the second case of a 49,XXXXX karyotype in a proband of 15 years of age [25] and the first one analyzed in detail for its X inactivation pattern. Analysis of BrdU-pulsed cultures suggested that the functionally status of the four allocyclic X chromosomes varied within and between cells, probably resulting from disruption of the kinetics of late DNA replication and accounting for the a higher number of active X chromosome regions in the 49,XXXXX patient with respect to the single inactivated X chromosome in a normal 46,XX female.

The molecular identification of four maternal X chromosomes in the proband indicated that this maternal X tetrasomy originated by two consecutive non disjunctions during oogenesis, in agreement with previous findings on the maternal origin of X polysomies [20, 21, 29, 38]. This was in agreement with the subsequent identification, in the cell hybrid panel, of three maternal haplotypes, two presumably parental (M1 and M2) and one recombinant (MR). Altogether, the proband carried four different maternal X chromosomes; the fourth one corresponding to the MR counterpart (with the 163-104-173-202-135 haplotype) that was not found in the cell hybrid panel.

A comparison of X inactivation patterns in the proband showed that her paternal X chromosome was always active and that her maternal X chromosomes carrying the 173 allele (with M1 and the 163-104-173-202-135 haplotypes) were preferentially inactivated with respect to X chromosomes with 179 allele (with M2 and MR haplotypes). Interestingly, the smaller peak of the amplified 179 allele indicated that some X chromosomes containing this allele had not been inactivated.

Analysis of cell hybrids confirmed these findings in 10 cell hybrids with M1-M2-P haplotypes, while in seven cell hybrids with M1-M2 haplotypes, 173 was the only amplified allele. However, it also showed that not all X chromosomes with the M1 haplotype were inactivated because (i) M1 was shown to be the only haplotype in two cell hybrids (1PXKB5 and 1PXKH4); (ii) in one M1-M2 cell hybrid (1PXKP3), only the 179 allele was amplified, and (iii) an apparent random inactivation was observed in another M1-M2 cell hybrid (1PXKA1), indicated by an equal amplification of 173 and 179 alleles (Table 3). Furthermore, M2 was the only haplotype found in three cell hybrids (1PXKG4, 1PXKJ6 and 1PXKR1; Table 2), indicating that their X chromosomes were functionally active. Moreover, in ten cell hybrids with the M1-M2-P haplotypes, inactivation patterns suggested that X chromosomes with the M2 haplotype were not completely inactivated.

When counting the number of haplotypes associated to X chromosome activity, demonstrated by positive selection in HAT medium, there was a 100% correspondence between the P haplotype and X chromosome activity in all 19 cell hybrids where this haplotype was identified. Conversely, the M1 haplotype, present in 25 cell hybrids, was associated to X chromosome activity in only three cell hybrids (12%), while the M2 haplotype, present in 23 cell hybrids, was associated to activity in 10 cell hybrids (43.5%). Finally, the MR haplotype was not found to be associated with X chromosome activity in our cell hybrid panel.

FISH analysis showed a reasonable correspondence between number of different haplotypes and number of X chromosomes in nine cell hybrid lines although this coincidence did not prove that these X chromosomes were originally present in the same human cells from which each cell hybrid derived because cell fusion does not necessarily take place between single human cells and single rodent cells.

Conclusion

Our studies showed that, under the hypothesis of random X inactivation, the theoretically expected five equal classes of cells with one active X chromosome and four inactive X chromosomes were unlikely to be present in the proband because the paternal X chromosome was always active, accounting for a 5-fold increase with respect to its expected proportion (20%). Moreover, 12% of X chromosomes with the M1 haplotype were shown to be active, while the maternal X chromosome with M2 haplotype was active in 43.5% of cell hybrids, in more than twice the expected proportion assuming random inactivation. It is likely that the presence of five X chromosomes might drastically affect the process of inactivation that was found to require transient localization of X inactivation centres in cell nuclei [39] and correct pairing between X chromosomes. Furthermore, we did not find alterations at the - 43 XIST minimal promoter [40, 41] that might explain the skewed inactivation pattern observed in the proband or her mother which, however, did not rule out that mutations might have occurred at other promoter regions.

Finally, the presence of five X chromosomes in the proband must have represented a serious misbalance in early stages of development before the time X inactivation occurred. Moreover, this unusual high number of X chromosomes must have subsequently impaired the process of X dosage compensation, consequently to which more than one X chromosome remained functionally active, resulting in a functional X polysomy. These factors must account for her severe physical phenotype and mental retardation, probably aggravated by a parental imprinting effect [42] resulting from active X chromosomes of the same parental origin.

Proband and Methods

C.S.S is a 15 year old female whose mother was 17 years of age at the time she was born. At birth, she weighted 1,200 g and her height was 39 cm. She was referred for clinical investigation for multiple anomalies (congenital heart defect, cleft soft palate, and facial dysmorphies) at 4 months of age. A recent physical examination showed a mentally retarded young adult, with poor language development, marfanoid habitus and disproportionate upper/lower body segments (Figure 1); her profile was very flat; with ocular hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, flat nasal bridge, low-set ears, posterior cleft palate, retrognathism, and micrognathia. A low posterior hairline, left scoliosis, bilateral fifth finger clinodactily, hand and feet arachnodactily, and difficulty on supination of the right arm corresponding to a radioulnar synostosis were present. A congenital heart defect (patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect) was surgically repaired at the first year of life. A low count of dermal ridges was also present.

Cytogenetic analyses were carried out at 4 months and at 15 years of age using standard lymphocyte cultures and BrdU-pulsed cultures [43]. Chromosome preparations were identified by conventional GTG banding [44] at the 500 band level in 100 cells. Chromosome preparations of BrdU-pulsed cultures were stained [45], and X replication patterns identified in 100 cells and classified according to Sarto's criteria [35].

Cell Fusion protocols

Hprt - cell lines of rodent origin were used as recipient cell lines in fusion experiments with human lymphocytes of the proband isolated with Ficoll® (Sigma, St Louis). A cell hybrid panel was prepared with AKO1/15 cells derived from Akodon cursor [46]. Following a seven day growth in DMEM/6MP selective medium (Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 6-mercaptopurine 16.7 μg/ml), 3 × 106 recipient cells were fused with 1.2 × 107 human lymphocytes [47]. Cell hybrids were selected in DMEM/HAT medium [DMEM with 10% FCS, hypoxanthine (100 μM), aminopterin (0.4 μM), thymidine (16 μM)].

Cell death was monitored periodically; after a 2-3 weeks period, visible colonies were cloned inside Penicillinders, transferred to individual dishes and expanded to culture flasks. A maximum of three colonies was cloned from each Petri dish. Each dish was identified by a letter and each colony by a number. Controls were carried out for demonstrating adverse selection of recipient cells; aliquots of the same AKO1/15 cells used in fusion experiments were grown in DMEM/HAT medium.

DNA isolation and PCR amplifications of X linked polymorphic markers

DNA was extracted from blood samples of the proband, her mother, the recipient cell line AKO1/15, and cell hybrid lines. DNA isolation was carried out by standard procedures [48].

PCR amplifications of four human, X-linked microsatellite loci were carried out with DNA samples of the proband, her mother, 51 cell hybrid lines, and the rodent cell line. PCR reactions contained 100 ng of DNA, reaction buffer [16 mM (NH4)2SO4, 67 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 8.8), 0.01% Tween-20, 2.5 mM MgCl2], 0.1 mM each dNTP, 5 pM of each primer and 0.6 U Taq polymerase (Pharmacia) in a final volume of 15 μl. All microsatellite forward-primers were 5'-labelled with FAM fluorochrome (Perkin-Elmer). Cycling conditions included an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min and pairing at 65°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles at 94°C for 45 sec; 60°C with primer pairs DXS1068.PCR1 and AFM150xf10 (or 65°C with primer pairs AFM276xf5 and AFM199wc7) for 45 sec; 72°C for 45 sec, and a final extension period of 20 min at 72°C.

Amplified products were run in a MEGABACE 1000 automatic DNA sequencer with 10× LPA buffer and MegaBACE™ Long Read Matrix with the GT Dye set 2 ET-ROX, FAM (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed with Genetic Profiler® v.2.0 (Amersham, 2002).

Analysis of X chromosome inactivation patterns

X-inactivation patterns were analyzed in the proband, her mother and in 35 cell hybrid lines previously shown to contain two or more X-chromosome haplotypes. The methylation status of the X chromosome was assayed in a region of the human androgen receptor (AR) gene located in Xq11-q12. This AR region corresponded to nucleotides 451-661 of the HUMANDREC sequence [49] (GenBank M20132), containing restriction sites for the methylation-sensitive endonucleases HhaI and HpaII and a highly polymorphic VNTR. Polymorphisms were initially detected in undigested genomic DNA samples with a 5' FAM-labelled, forward AR-C primer, under specific PCR conditions [50]. X chromosome methylation was assayed by separate digestions of genomic DNA with excess of HhaI and HpaII in final volumes of 22.5 μl at 37°C for 18 hours. Digestion products were subsequently used in PCR reactions, under identical conditions with those used for detecting VNTR polymorphisms. All PCR products were analyzed with Genetic Profiler®, version 2.0.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

The X pentasomy was also demonstrated by FISH with an X whole chromosome probe. The number of X chromosomes present in cell hybrid lines 1PXKA1, 1PXKA3, 1PXKB2, 1PXKF4, 1PXKH2, 1PXKJ6, 1PXKM1, 1PXKQ3 and 1PXKS3 was estimated in 100 cells per cell line. In all cell hybrid lines (except for 1PXKJ6), more than one X haplotype was identified, which were present in different combinations (M1-M2, M1-P, M2-P, MR-P and M1-M2-P).

We used a human specific, X chromosome probe (WCPX) provided by Roscoe Stanyon (Frederick Cancer Research Facility, NCI, NIH), which was amplified and labelled by random priming with the 6MW primer 5'-CCG ACT CGA GNN NNN NAT GTG G-3' (N = any base). Reactions were carried out with 150 ng of probe DNA, 20 pmol of primer, 5 μl of 10× reaction buffer (245 mM TAPs, 500 mM KCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 2 mM dithiothreitol; pH = 9.3); 0.5 mM dCTP, dATP, dGTP, 0.25 mM dTTP; 5 μl of W-1 detergent (stock solution = 100 μl of W-1 in 10 ml of distilled water), 2 nM FITC-12-dUTP (Roche), and 3 U of Taq Platinum® (Invitrogen), in final volumes of 50 μL. Cycling conditions consisted of an initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles at 94°C for 1 min, a 62°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension period at 72°C for 9 min.

Slides were denatured in 70% formamide/2× SSC (pH = 7.0) at 73°C for 5 min and dehydrated in 70%, 85% and 100% ethanol and allowed to dry at room temperature. Probe preparation, incubation with slides and further processing were carried out according to Vysis® standard protocols for hybridization with whole chromosome probes. Preparations were analyzed with epifluorescence microscopes (Olympus DX-60 and DX-50). Images were captured with QUIPS - PathVysion (Vysis®) and Applied Imaging.

Analysis of the minimal region of the XIST promoter

Analysis of a 380 pb minimal region of the XIST promoter was carried for characterising position - 43 with respect to the possibility of finding C(- 43)A or C(- 43)G in the proband, her mother and in ten cell cell hybrid lines derived from the proband (1PXKA1, 1PXKB1, 1PXKB2, 1PXKB5, 1PXKC1, 1PXKE3, 1PXKG4, 1PXKJ6, 1PXKP3, 1PXKQ2). DNA was amplified with a forward primer 5'-TGAGAACTGGAAAACCCATTG-3' and a reverse primer 5'-ATACGCCATAAAGGGTGTTGG-3'. Reactions were carried out with 200 ng of DNA, 25 pmol of each primer, 0.2 mM of each dNTP and 0.2 U of Taq Platinum® (Invitrogen), with 1× enzyme buffer and 1.5 mM MgCl2, in a final volumes of 50 μL. Cycling conditions included an initial denaturation step at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94°C for 45 sec, 55°C for 45 sec, and 72°C for 45 sec, with a final extension period at 72°C for 15 min in a GeneAmp PCR System 2400 (Applied Biosystems). Amplified products were purified with GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare) and eluted in 50 μL of water. Approximately 100 ng of the purified fraction was labelled with 5 pmol of either primer according to the conditions outlined by the DYEnamic ET Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit for MegaBace DNA Analysis Systems (GE Healthcare). Sequencing was carried out in a MEGABACE 1000 automatic DNA sequencer. Sequences were aligned manually with Chromas version 1.45 [51] and MEGA 4.0 [52].

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's mother for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Abbreviations

HAT:

H ypoxanthine, A minopterin, T hymidine

FISH:

F lourecence i n s itu h ybridization

BrdU:

bromo-deoxy-uridine

GTG banding:

G-banding following trypsin digestion and Giemsa staining

DMEM:

Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium

FCS:

foetal calf serum

6MP:

6-mercaptopurine

VNTR:

V ariable N umber of T andem R epeats

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Acknowledgements

Work supported by SWISSBRIDGE Foundation (Switzerland), Instituto Nacional de Câncer, and Fundação do Câncer (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

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Affiliations

  1. Medical Genetics Department, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    • Lucia M Moraes
    • , Vera LS Moura
    •  & Juan C Llerena Jr

  2. Genetics Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    • Leila CA Cardoso
    • , Miguel AM Moreira
    • , Albert N Menezes
    •  & Héctor N Seuánez

  3. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    • Leila CA Cardoso
    • , Albert N Menezes
    •  & Héctor N Seuánez

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Correspondence to Héctor N Seuánez.

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The authors declare that there are no competing interests (financial or non financial), and that the interpretation of data has no been influenced by anyone.

Authors' contributions

LMM carried out the cytogenetic studies and DNA sequencing and created the cell hybrid panel. LCAC carried out the assays for identifying X inactivation with blood and cell hybrid DNAs. MAMM participated in the design of experiments and interpretation of data. ANM participated in genotyping with microsatellite markers. VLSM and JCL Jr. attended the patient at the Pediatric clinic. HNS participated in the design of experiments, interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Keywords

  • Androgen Receptor
  • Cell Hybrid
  • Chromosome Inactivation
  • Cell Hybrid Line
  • Human Androgen Receptor

Molecular Cytogenetics

ISSN: 1755-8166