Fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with the comet assay and micronucleus test in genetic toxicology

Table 1 Results of various FISH probes application with the comet assay

FISH probes	What is detected	Results and applications	References
-	Whole DNA damage and repair	Genotoxicity testing or biomonitoring of genotoxic exposure and effect	[1–15]
Gene-specific	DNA damage and repair within the vicinity of the gene of interest	Analysis of damage and repair of genes related with cancer (TP53, KRAS, APC, p53)	[41, 46, 51, 53–58].
		Analysis of damage of genes Ret, Ab1 and Trp53 as biomarker of X-radiation exposure in vivo	[59]
		Spatial distribution of chromosome-specific DNA sequences	[40]
Chromosome locus-specific (centromere-, telomere- and region-specific)	DNA damage within the vicinity of the locus of interest	Analysis of leukaemia-specific chromosome damage	[61]
		Analysis of sensitivity of telomeres toward anticancer drugs	[63–65]
WCP	DNA damage within the chromosome of interest	Distribution of DNA damage in genome	[44, 60]
		Genetic alterations in carcinogenesis of the upper aerodigestive tract	[62]
Selected probes	Different genomic regions	Transcription-coupled DNA repair	[48]
		Elucidation of comet formation	[44–46, 51, 52]