Understanding aneuploidy in cancer through the lens of system inheritance, fuzzy inheritance and emergence of new genome systems

Table 2 Examples of different types of causative factors of aneuploidy

1. Gene mutations/epigenetic alterations	[111,112,113]
Mitotic checkpoint defects, e.g. BUB1, MAD1 and CENPE	[114, 115]
Microtubule attachment defects, e.g. aurora kinase B, Cydlin A,
Mitotic spindle and centrosome defects	[116]
Other CIN-related mutation, e.g. p53, ATM	[117]
2. Stress- (physiological, pathological and pharmaceutical) related responses
Defective mitotic figures (condensation defects) (DMF, sticky chromosomes)	[50, 78, 106]
Chromosome fragmentations (C-Frags)	[115, 116]
Genome chaos	[5, 6, 37, 59, 67]
Chromosomal cycle variations (replication, condensation, segregation, de-condensation)	[104]
Non-specific stress (triggers type II CIN)	[50]
3. Genome system variability
Fuzzy inheritance	[4, 37, 59]
Cellular adaptation	[37, 95]
Survival under high stress	[56, 67]

To illustrate the viewpoint that many genomic and environmental factors can contribute to aneuploidy, a few examples are presented, among a large number of publications. We focus more on the examples that feature a cytogenetic perspective, as these are currently less popular compared to gene mutation studies, despite their importance

ISSN: 1755-8166