Fig. 9

a, b, c, d Karyotypic evidence that the brain metastasis HIM-5 is an individual subspecies of the breast cancer HIM-2. The karyotypic theory of metastasis predicts that metastases have individual clonal karyotypes that differ from those of parental cancers in individual metastasis-specific aneusomies. To test this theory we have compared karyotype-arrays of the brain metastasis HIM-5 to that of the primary cancer HIM-2. Karyotype arrays are three-dimensional tables of 20 karyotypes, which list the chromosome numbers of arrayed karyotypes on the x-axis, the copy numbers of each chromosome on the y-axis, and the number of karyotypes arrayed on the z-axis, as detailed in Results (Section, Metastases are karyotypic subspecies of cancers). Figure 9 a, b and the attached table show that 85 to 100% of the chromosomes of the cancer HIM-2 and the metastasis HIM-5 were clonal, and that cancer and metastasis formed very similar clonal patterns. The karyotype of the metastasis differed from that of the primary only in the loss of trisomy 10. The copy numbers of the non-clonal chromosomes differed from the clonal averages typically  ± 1 (see Fig. 9 a,b and specifically Fig. 9 c,d ). These non-clonal copy numbers represent the ongoing karyotypic variation predicted by the inherent variability of cancer-specific aneuploidy (Background). We conclude that the brain metastasis HIM-5 is a subspecies of the parental breast cancer HIM-2