Fig. 11

a, b, c Karyotypic evidence that the metastasis H2M is an individual subspecies of liver cancer H2P. The karyotypic theory of metastasis predicts that metastases have individual clonal karyotypes that differ from those of parental cancers in individual metastasis-specific aneusomies. To test this theory we have compared karyotype-arrays of the metastasis H2M to that of the primary cancer H2P prepared as described for Fig. 9. Figure 11 a, b and the attached table show that 45–80% of the chromosomes of cancer H2P and 50–90% of the chromosomes of metastasis H2M were clonal, and that cancer and metastasis formed similar clonal patterns. The karyotype of the metastasis differed from that of the primary cancer in about 15 of an average of 31 H2M aneusomies (Fig. 11 a, b, c and Table 1). The copy numbers of non-clonal chromosomes including marker chromosomes differed from clonal averages ± 1 (see Fig. 11 a, b and specifically Fig. 11c ). The chromosomes with non-clonal copy numbers represent the ongoing karyotypic variation predicted by the inherent variability of cancer-specific aneuploidy (See Fig. 11c and Background). We conclude that the metastasis H2M is a subspecies of the parental liver cancer H2P